LARHYSS JOURNAL 1112-3680 / 2521-9782
ADVANCED ADSORPTION MATERIALS FOR PATHOGEN CONTROL A CRITICAL REVIEW ON VIRUS AND BACTERIA ELIMINATION IN WATER TREATMENT
Abstract
The escalating global water crisis and the persistent threat of waterborne pathogens, including viruses and bacteria, necessitate innovative and sustainable water treatment technologies. While conventional methods like chlorination and membrane filtration have served as cornerstones, they present significant limitations, such as the formation of harmful disinfection byproducts and severe fouling issues. This critical review bridges a key knowledge gap by providing a comprehensive analysis of advanced adsorption strategies for the effective and cost-efficient elimination of viruses and bacteria from water. We systematically examine a wide range of adsorbent materials, including carbon-based materials, oxide-based nanoparticles, layered double hydroxides (LDHs), and natural compounds. The review delves into the fundamental principles governing pathogen-adsorbent interactions, emphasizing the crucial roles of surface charge, hydrophobicity, and steric hindrance. We differentiate between mere physical removal and active inactivation mechanisms, highlighting how some adsorbents can render pathogens non-infectious through structural damage, oxidative stress, or local pH alteration. A comparative analysis identifies the strengths and limitations of each material class, noting that while traditional materials like activated carbon are cost-effective, advanced materials such as MOFs and functionalized nanoparticles offer superior efficiency and customizability. The review concludes by outlining key challenges—including regeneration, scalability, and secondary toxicity—and proposing future perspectives, such as the development of smart, multifunctional, and macro-structured hybrid materials to address the continuous necessity of combating new and unknown waterborne pathogens.
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