SUSTAINABLE METHYLENE BLUE REMOVAL USING ROSEMARY-DERIVED ACTIVATED CARBON AND GREEN NANOPARTICLES

M. BERAFTA, H. KHELILI, M. GUELLAL, S. ACHOUR, K.G. KONAN

Abstract


The study aimed to assess the efficiency of methylene blue (MB) dye removal from wastewater using two sustainable and cost-effective adsorbents derived from rosemary: activated rosemary carbon (AR) and iron-polyphenol nanoparticles (Fe-P). AR was produced through phosphoric acid activation of rosemary waste, while Fe-P was synthesized using green nanotechnology with rosemary extract and an iron precursor. Characterization techniques such as FTIR, SEM, and XRD revealed that AR had an amorphous structure with a well-developed pore network, while Fe-P exhibited a crystalline structure with highly reactive nanoparticles. Adsorption experiments showed optimal MB removal at pH 7.5 for AR and in more acidic conditions for Fe-P, with AR achieving a higher maximum adsorption capacity (894.81 mg/g) compared to Fe-P (603.96 mg/g), as modeled by the Langmuir isotherm. The pseudo- second -order kinetic model best described the adsorption process, indicating surface adsorption as the dominant mechanism, with Fe-P showing faster adsorption rates. Thermodynamic analysis confirmed the adsorption process was spontaneous and exothermic, favoring lower temperatures. Regeneration studies demonstrated AR's superior reusability, maintaining efficiency over multiple cycles. Overall, the results highlight the potential of AR and Fe-P as eco-friendly solutions for industrial dye pollution, combining sustainability with high performance.


Keywords


Adsorption, Methylene blue, Rosemary, Nanoparticles, Wastewater.

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