LARHYSS JOURNAL 1112-3680 / 2521-9782
UNRAVELING COMPLEX DISCHARGE-WATER QUALITY DYNAMICS IN SEMI-ARID REGIONS A 50-YEAR ANALYSIS OF THE ZARRINEH ROOD RIVER IN IRAN USING ADVANCED SOFT COMPUTING MODELING
Abstract
This study focused on the relationship of river discharge to the water quality parameters of the Zarrineh River, the main tributary of Lake Urmia, for the period of 1966-2017. It has been shown in an analysis of 365 measurements that discharge versus TDS correlated very strongly and negatively, with R2 = 0.68 and p < 0.001, while discharge versus electrical conductivity also correlated very strongly and negatively, with R2 = 0.71 and p < 0.001. This relationship was described by the power function TDS = 523.4Q-0.235. The pH was weakly positively correlated with discharge R2 = 0.14, p < 0.05. Multiple regression models involving discharge, pH, and EC explained 76% of the TDS variance. Seasonal analysis pointed out a stronger discharge-TDS correlation in the high-flow periods, R2 = 0.79, compared to the low-flow periods, R2 = 0.56. The time series decomposition showed that the concentration of TDS was increasing 1.2 ppm per year with a 95% confidence interval of 0.8 to 1.6 ppm/year. In this study, the soft computing methods including ANN, ANFIS, and SVR performed better compared to traditional multiple linear regression. Among the soft computing models, ANFIS performed the best, with test set statistics showing an R2 of 0.879 and an RMSE of 25.2 ppm. These models performed much better in this study at different flow regimes and on extreme events. Bayesian hierarchical modeling revealed that there was spatial heterogeneity in the discharge-TDS relationship, with stronger correlations for the lower reaches than for the upper reaches: β = -0.72, 95% CI: -0.81 to -0.63, versus β = -0.54, 95% CI: -0.63 to -0.45.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
ABAIDIA S., REMINI B. (2020). Ghrib and Boukourdane (Algeria): when the water discharged from the dams feed the alluvial aquifer, Larhyss Journal, No 44, pp. 133-159.
ADJAGODO A., AGASSOUNON DJIKPO TCHIBOZO M., KELOME AHOUANGNIVO N., LAWANI R. (2016). Flow of pollutants linked to anthropic activities and risks on worldwide surface water resource (literature review), Larhyss Journal, No 28, pp. 7-23. (In French)
AROUA N. (2018). Water resources in SNAT 2030. between economic needs and ecological requirements, Larhyss Journal, No 35, pp. 153-168. (In French)
AROUA N. (2022). Long term city development versus water strategy in Al-Maghreb, Larhyss Journal, No 50, pp. 173-197.
AROUA-BERKAT S., AROUA N. (2022). Opportunities and challenges for wastewater reuse in Algeria, Larhyss Journal, No 51, pp. 7-17.
AROUA N. (2023). Setting out urban water issues examples from Algeria and worldwide, Larhyss Journal, No 56, pp. 309-327
ASSEMIAN A.E., DJE BI DOUTIN S., SAMAKÉ Y. (2021). Consequences of the effects of climate change on water resources in a humic tropical zone of central eastern Côte d’Ivoire, Larhyss Journal, No 45, pp. 95-105.
AYARI K., AYARI A. (2017). For better governance of drinking water in Tunisian rural areas, Larhyss Journal, No 29, pp. 7-21. (In French)
BABA HAMED S. (2021). Impact of water pollution on public health and the environment in Oran, Larhyss Journal, No 45, pp. 203-222.
BAICHE A., SIDI MOHAMED H., ABLAOUI H. (2015). Overexploitation of water resources of the Mostaganem plateau aquifer, Larhyss Journal, No 22, pp. 153-165. (In French)
BELHADJ M.Z., BOUDOUKHA A., AMROUNE A., GAAGAI A., ZIANI D. (2017). Statistical characterization of groundwater quality of the northern area of the basin of Hodna, M’sila, southeastern Algeria, Larhyss Journal, No 31, pp. 177-194. (In French)
BELKACEM Y., BENFARES R., ADEM A., HOUMA BACHARI F. (2017). Evaluation of the impact of the desalination plant on the marine environment: case study in Algeria, Larhyss Journal, No 30, pp. 317-331.
BEMMOUSSAT A., ADJIM M., BENSAOULA F (2017). Use of the ZYGOS model for the estimation of groundwater recharge in Sikkak watershed (Northen west of Algeria), Larhyss Journal, No 30, pp. 105-119. (In French)
BENALI KHODJA M., FERDJOUNI N. (2024). Assessment of the meteorological drought in the northern part of Algeria “case of the Isser wadi watershed, Larhyss Journal, No 58, pp. 39-54.
BERREZEL Y.A. ABDELBAKI C., ROUISSAT B., BOUMAAZA T., KHALDOON A.M. (2023). Decision support system for the management of water distribution networks a case study of Tourville, Algeria, Larhyss Journal, No 54, pp. 7-24.
BOUCHEMAL F., ACHOUR S. (2015). Physico-chemical quality and pollution parameters of groundwater in the Biskra region, Larhyss Journal, No 22, pp. 197-212. (In French)
BOULY S., CISSE A., FAYE C. (2019). Problematic of storm water management in cities in developing countries: case of Santhiaba and Belfort district (commune of Ziguinchor, Senegal), Larhyss Journal, No 39, pp. 313-331.
BOUTEBBA K., BOUZIANE M.T., BOUAMRANE A. (2014). Decision-making aid for optimizing the management of drinking water supply networks, Larhyss Journal, No 20, pp. 279-296. (In French)
CHABOKPOUR J. (2024). Experimental Study of Contaminant Mixing Through the Buried River Junctions, Journal of Hydraulic Structures, Vol. 10, Issue 3, pp. 18–33.
CHABOKPOUR J., AZAMATHULLA H.M. (2022). Numerical Simulation of Pollution Transport and Hydrodynamic Characteristics Through the River Confluence Using FLOW 3D, Water Supply, Vol. 22, Issue 10, pp. 7821–7832.
CHADEE A., NARRA M., MEHTA D., ANDREW J., AZAMATHULLA H. (2023). Impact of climate change on water resource engineering in Trinidad and Tobago, Larhyss Journal, No 55, pp. 215-229.
CHADEE A.A., RATHORE K., CHOUDHARY L.A., VERMA S., MEHTA D. (2024). The korba coal mining zone in India assessment of risk health and pollutant sources, Larhyss Journal, No 60, pp. 113-131.
CHENG B.F., ZHANG Y., XIA R., ZHANG N., ZHANG X.F. (2021). Temporal and Spatial Variations in Water Quality of Hanjiang River and Its Influencing Factors in Recent Years, Huan Jing Ke Xue= Huanjing Kexue, Vol. 42, Issue 9, pp. 4211–4221.
CHIBANE B., ALI-RAHMANI S.E. (2015). Hydrological based model to estimate groundwater recharge, real- evapotranspiration and runoff in semi-arid area, Larhyss Journal, No 23, pp. 231-242.
CHIDOZIE K., NWAKANMA C. (2017). Assessment of Saclux Paint Industrial Effluents on Nkoho River in Abia State, Nigeria, Journal of Ecosystem and Ecography, Vol. 7, Issue 2.
CHOUKRANI G., HAMIMSA A., SAIDI M.E., BABQIQI A. (2018). Diagnosis and future projection of climate change in arid zone. case of Marrakech-Safi region (Morocco), Larhyss Journal, No 36, pp. 49-63. (In French)
DJABRI L., HANI A., CHAFFAI H., HABES S., DJOUAMAA M.C. (2015). Study of water vulnerability to pollution, a guarantee for the development of an IWRM plan: the case of the Tebessa alluvial plain, Larhyss Journal, No 22, pp. 25-34. (In French)
DJABRI L., BOUHSINA S., HANI A., CHAFFAI H, BOUGHERIRA N. (2019). Multi-criteria approaches for the study of marine intrusion: case of the Collo aquifer, north-east Algeria, Larhyss Journal, No 38, pp. 7-20.
DOUMOUNIA A., ZEBA A., DAMIBA L., ZOUGMORE F., NIKIEMA M. (2020). Climate variability analysis in the Nouhao sub-basin in eastern center of Burkina Faso, Larhyss Journal, No 41, pp. 57-69.
EHEART J. (1988). Effects of Streamflow Variation on Critical Water Quality for Multiple Discharges of Decaying Pollutants, Water Resources Research, Vol. 24, Issue 1, pp. 1–8.
EL MORHIT M., FEKHAOUI M., SERGHINI A., El BLIDI S., EL ABIDI A. (2013). Typology of water quality in the Loukkos river estuary (Morocco), Larhyss Journal, No 12, pp. 7-24.
EL MOUKHAYAR R., BAHIR M., CARREIRA P. (2015). Estimation of groundwater recharge in arid region through hydrochemistry and isotope: a case study Kourimat basin Morocco, Larhyss Journal, No 23, pp. 87-104.
FAYE C. (2016). Management of water resources in the local of Ndondol: study of community management of water resources and water use conflicts in Mbomboye villages (Senegal), Larhyss Journal, No 25, pp. 219-240. (In French)
FAYE C. (2017). Water pollution challenges, a threat to public health: strengths and weaknesses of water laws and policies in Senegal, Larhyss Journal, No 32, pp. 107-126. (In French)
GAALOUL N. (2015). Modeling of underground flows in unsaturated porous medium: application to artificial recharge by treated wastewater - Korba coastal water table (cap-bon, Tunisia), Larhyss Journal, No 21, pp. 181-190. (In French)
GORAN R., JELISAVKA B. (2016). Possibility of use of water in the economy of Montenegro, Larhyss Journal, No 25, pp. 7-30.
HAN Q. (1999). Changes of Flood Situation Along the Middle Yangtze River, Journal of Sediment Research, Vol. 5, pp. 1–12.
HAOUCHINE A., HAOUCHINE F.Z., LABADI A. (2015). Climatic change and anthropic activities: impacts on coastal aquifers in Algeria, Larhyss Journal, No 24, pp. 227-241. (In French)
HOSSEINI N., JOHNSTON J., LINDENSCHMIDT K. (2017). Impacts of Climate Change on the Water Quality of a Regulated Prairie River, Water, Vol. 9, Issue 3, Paper ID 199.
HOUNTONDJI B., CODO F.P., AINA M.P. (2020). Characterization of hydrogeological conditions from the Monzoungoudo groundwater reservoir in Benin, Larhyss Journal, No 41, pp. 223-232. (In French)
HUA A.K. (2017). Land Use Land Cover Changes in Detection of Water Quality: A Study Based on Remote Sensing and Multivariate Statistics, Journal of Environmental and Public Health, Vol. 2017, Issue 1, Paper ID 7515130.
HUDON C., CARIGNAN R. (2008). Cumulative Impacts of Hydrology and Human Activities on Water Quality in the St. Lawrence River (Lake Saint-Pierre, Quebec, Canada), Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Vol. 65, Issue 6, pp. 1165–1180.
IHSAN T., DEROSYA V. (2024). Drinking water problems in rural areas: review of point-of-use methods to improve water quality and public health, Larhyss Journal, No 58, pp. 55-71.
ISLAM M.J. (2024). A Study on Seasonal Variations in Water Quality Parameters of Dhaka Rivers, Iranica Journal of Energy and Environment, Vol.15, Issue 1, pp.91–99.
JAISWAL T., JHARIYA D., SINGH S. (2023). Identification and mapping of groundwater potential zone using analytical hierarchy process and GIS in lower Kharun basin, Chhattisgarh, India, Larhyss Journal, No 53, pp. 117-143.
JAYASENA H.A.H., RATHNAYAKE R.D.D.P., CHANDRASENA M.G.P.N., RANATHUNGA B.P.D.W. (2021). A classic example of urban-rural linkages through ancient Voda Ela in Sri Lanka - symbiosis of total environment on efficient water management, Larhyss Journal, No 47, pp. 59-82.
JI Z.-G. (2017). Hydrodynamics and Water Quality: Modeling Rivers, Lakes, and Estuaries, John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, USA.
KANG J.Y., KIM Y.D., KANG B.S. (2013). Effect of Change in Hydrological Environment by Climate Change on River Water Quality in Nam River Watershed, Journal of Korea Water Resources Association, Vol. 46, Issue 8, pp. 873–884.
KEZZAR M., SOUAR A. (2024). The water management system in the village of Menades in Algeria between past and present, Larhyss Journal, No 57, pp. 55-79.
KOUASSI A.M., KOUAME K.F., SALEY M.B., BIEMI J. (2013). Impacts of climate change on groundwater of crystalline and Crystalophyllian basement aquifers in west Africa: case of the N’zi-Bandama watershed (Ivory Coast), Larhyss Journal, No 16, pp. 121-138. (In French)
KOULOUGHLI C.E., TELLI A. (2023). Modern water supply management techniques and methods: a review, Larhyss Journal, No 55, pp. 7-23.
LACHACHE S., DERDOUR A., MAAZOUZI I., AMROUNE A., GUASTALDI E. (2023). Statistical approach of groundwater quality assessment at Naama region, South-West Algeria, Larhyss Journal, No 55, pp. 125-144.
LAGHZAL A., SALMOUN F. (2014). Contribution to the characterisation of the physico chemical quality of water of some springs in the region of Tangier-Tetouan (Morocco), Larhyss Journal, No 20, pp. 7-24.
LOHSE K.A., BROOKS P.D., MCINTOSH J.C., MEIXNER T., HUXMAN T.E. (2009). Interactions Between Biogeochemistry and Hydrologic Systems, Annual Review of Environment and Resources, Vol. 34, Issue 1, pp. 65–96.
MENG C., SONG X., TIAN K., YE B., SI T. (2020). Spatiotemporal Variation Characteristics of Water Pollution and the Cause of Pollution Formation in a Heavily Polluted River in the Upper Hai River, Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 2020, Issue 1, Paper ID 6617227.
MOHAMAD N.D., ABDUL HAMID N.S., RAMLI R.R., AHMAD KAMAL N., ABDUL ADIS A.A. (2024). Water quality assessment at royal Belum state park, Perak, Malaysia, Larhyss Journal, No 57, pp. 101-120.
NAKOU T.R., SENOU L., ELEGBEDE B., CODO F.P. (2023). Climate variability and its impact on water resources in the lower mono river valley in Benin from 1960 to 2018, Larhyss Journal, No 56, pp. 215-234.
NASSA R.A.K., KOUASSI A.M., BOSSA S.J. (2021). Analysis of climate change impact on the statistical adjustment models of extreme rainfall case of Ivory Coast, Larhyss Journal, No 46, pp. 21-48.
N’GUESSAN BI V.H., ADJAKPA T.T., ALLECHY F.B., YOUAN TA M., ASSA Y.F. (2020). Characterization of the drought by the SPI and SPEI indices in the west center of Côte d'Ivoire case of the Lobo basin, Larhyss Journal, No 43, pp. 23-39.
NICHANE M., KHELIL M.A. (2015). Climate change and water resources in Algeria - vulnerability, impact and adaptation strategy, Larhyss Journal, No 21, pp. 25-33. (In French)
O’GRADY J., ZHANG D., O’CONNOR N., REGAN F. (2021). A Comprehensive Review of Catchment Water Quality Monitoring Using a Tiered Framework of Integrated Sensing Technologies, Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 765, Paper ID 142766.
OUHAMDOUCH S, BAHIR M., CARREIRA P., CHKIR N., GOUMIH A. (2016). Climate change impact on Hauterivian aquifer of Essaouira basin (Morocco), Larhyss Journal, No 25, pp. 269-283. (In French)
OUIS S. (2012). Impact of climatic fluctuations on the quantity and quality of groundwater in a semi-arid region: case of the Ghriss plain (northwest Algeria), Larhyss Journal, No 11, pp. 119-131. (In French)
PANDEY P., MISHRA R., CHAUHAN R.K. (2022). Future prospects in the implementation of a real-time smart water supply management and water quality monitoring system, Larhyss Journal, No 51, pp. 237-252.
PANG J.M., TAN K.W. (2023). Development of regional climate model (RCM) for Cameron highlands based on representative concentration pathways (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5, Larhyss Journal, No 54, pp. 55-70.
PATEL K., MEHTA D. (2022). Design of the continuous water supply system using Watergems software: a case study of Surat city, Larhyss Journal, No 50, pp. 125-136.
RAHIMI D., BARATIAN A. (2016). Discharge Changes and the Impact on Water Quality in Karoon River, Iran, Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, Vol. 8, Issue 3, pp. 541–547.
RAJ N., AZEEZ P. (2009). Spatial and Temporal Variation in Surface Water Chemistry of a Tropical River, the River Bharathapuzha, India, Current Science, pp. 245–251.
REHANA S., MUJUMDAR P. (2011). River Water Quality Response Under Hypothetical Climate Change Scenarios in Tunga-Bhadra River, India, Hydrological Processes, Vol. 25, Issue 22, pp. 3373–3386.
REMINI B. (2010). The problem of water in Northern Algeria, Larhyss Journal, No 8, pp. 27-46. (In French)
REMINI B. (2020). Algeria: the climate is changing, the water is becoming scarce, what to do? Larhyss Journal, No 41, pp. 181-221. (In French)
SAHU S., SUPE J., RATHORE K., VERMA S., MEHTA D. (2024). An integrated approach for evaluating water quality, Larhyss Journal, No 60, pp. 213-230.
SHRESTHA R.R., DIBIKE Y.B., PROWSE T.D. (2012). Modeling Climate Change Impacts on Hydrology and Nutrient Loading in the Upper Assiniboine Catchment 1, JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association, Vol. 48, Issue 1, pp. 74–94.
SINGH K., PANDEY P., PANDEY S., MISHRA A.R., TRIPATHI R. (2022). AI-based water quality monitoring of the river Ganga using fuzzy, Larhyss Journal, No 51, pp. 67-85.
SWAIN S., TALOOR A.K., DHAL L., SAHOO S., AL-ANSARI N. (2022). Impact of Climate Change on Groundwater Hydrology: A Comprehensive Review and Current Status of the Indian Hydrogeology, Applied Water Science, Vol. 12, Issue 6, pp. 120.
WHITEHEAD P.G., WILBY R.L., BATTARBEE R.W., KERNAN M., WADE A.J. (2009). A Review of the Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Surface Water Quality, Hydrological Sciences Journal, Vol. 54, Issue 1, pp. 101–123.
XIE D., WANG Z.B. (2021). Seasonal Tidal Dynamics in the Qiantang Estuary: The Importance of Morphological Evolution, Frontiers in Earth Science, Vol. 9, Paper ID 782640.
YIN L., WANG L., KEIM B.D., KONSOER K., ZHENG W. (2022). Wavelet Analysis of Dam Injection and Discharge in Three Gorges Dam and Reservoir with Precipitation and River Discharge, Water, Vol. 14, Issue 4, Paper ID 567.
ZEGAIT R., REMINI B., BENSAHA H. (2021). Groundwater vulnerability assessment in the M’Zab valley - southern Algeria, Larhyss Journal, No 48, pp. 211-234.
ZIA H., HARRIS N.R., MERRETT G.V., RIVERS M., COLES N. (2013). The Impact of Agricultural Activities on Water Quality: A Case for Collaborative Catchment-Scale Management Using Integrated Wireless Sensor Networks, Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, Vol. 96, pp. 126–138.
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.